how does the processor process data?

I am a beginner in computer science. Currently, I am exploring the secrets of processing how the processor processes data. I do not mean a specific processor model but in general because I am wondering about the general definition of a computer. Does the processor not have to convert this data into binary code before processing certain data, and then process this data using appropriate instructions?

I suggest you start here:

Doc (not an Intel employee or contractor)
[Maybe Windows 12 will be better]